Dog Day
As a friend of mine recently pointed out: all of Shakespeare's plays are either classified as comedies, tragedies or histories. Which then would The Merchant of Venice fall under? Officially, it is comedy. But there isn't much laughing going on in this, one of Shakespeare's least-filmed, often debated (not to mention controversial) and most under-appreciated works. So what then is The Merchant of Venice all about? I'm glad you asked. Antonio, the merchant of Venice (played in the film by Oscar-winner Jeremy Irons) is asked for a loan by his well-born but habitually penniless friend Bassanio (Joseph Fiennes) in order that the latter may be enabled to pursue his courtship with the heiress Portia (Lynn Collins). Antonio, whose money is tied up in ships that have not yet returned to port, borrows 3,000 ducats from the Jewish usurer Shylock (Al Pacino in a return to form) who makes Antonio promise to forfeit a pound of flesh if he is unable to pay on the agreed date. Bassanio goes off to Belmont to successfully win the hand of Portia, in a test set by the terms of Portia's father's will (a game involing three caskets). Eventually unable to pay his debt, Shylock demands his pound of flesh from Antonio. After a hasty wedding with Portia, Bassanio returns to Venice and, as soon as he has left, Portia and her maid, Narissa (Heather Goldenhersh) who is married to Bassanio's freind Gratiano (Kris Marshall) follow incognito (disguised respectively as a lawyer and a clerk). In court, the disguised Portia first pleads with Shylock for mercy; rebuffed in this approach, she conceeds the legality of Shylock's claim, but points out if he exacts more than a pound of flesh, or if one drop of blood is shed, his life and lands are forfeit. Moreover, she points out, death is the penalty for conspiring against the life of a Venetian citizen. The Duke of Venice (Anton Rodgers) pardons Shylock from the death sentence, but orders that his fortune be divided between Antonio and the state. Antonio returns his share to Shylock, with the stipulation that he must leave it in his will to his daughter Jessica (Zuleikha Robinson), disinherited when she eloped with Lorenzo (Charlie Cox) a Christian, and finally that Shylock himself must become a Christian. Portia and Nerissa (whose real identity remains unknown to the others) will accept as payment only the rings Bassanio and Gratiano have recieved from their wives. Back at Belmont, the wives reproach their husbands for no longer having the rings, but - after much teasing, reveal the fact of their disguise, and with the news that Antonio's ships have also returned - all ends happily.
The play was probably written in 1596 or 1597. It's interesting to note that anti-Semitism was alive and well even in England and during Shakespeare's time. In 15th century Britain, many Jews were sadly persecuted in the streets for no apparent reason. Oh yes, the play is most anti-Semetic (but not in the way you might think). Thus the controversy. To construct his play, Shakespeare combined two stories: the Bond of Flesh (from India) and the Casket Choice, both of them with long traditions in folklore. The Shylock figure of course (coming from the Bond story) was not however a Jew. Il Pecorone, a collection of prose romances, by Ser Giovanni Fiorentino was probably used as a source of this original story, coming in part from the Mahabharata (compiled between 500 and 200 B.C.). Another version of the Bond of Flesh story that Shakespeare might have used is contained in Zelauto (1580) by Anthony Munday, although here the moneylender is no Jew but a usurer, and the forfeit demanded is the young man's eyes. There was also a contemporary ballad "shrewing the crueltie of Germutus a Jew," but this may be of later date than Shakespeare's play. Marlowe's The Jew of Malta was also no doubt a huge source. Shakespeare's decision to write a play cenetered on a Jew may have been influenced by the revivals of Marlowe's play in 1594 and 1596, and probably also by the trial and execution of Roderigo Lopez, a Portuguese Jew, for allegedly attempting to poison the Queen. Two of Shakespeare's most famous characters are in this play: Portia, the woman turned lawyer, and Shylock, for the Elizabethan age an unusually sympathetic characterization of a jew. This is one of the biggest misconceptions about The Merchant of Venice. It's "happy ending" is also the give-away of it being labeled one of the Bard's comedies. Was Shakespeare condemning the Jews, or making their persecutors out to be the ignorant oppressors that most anti-Semites are? Or was this aspect of the play a simple examination of an isolated character and his own personal prejudice? That all depends on the viewer. But just who is this Shylock, really?
Down to the time of famous stage actor Charles Macklin (1699-1797), the part was played by the low comedian and was grotesque to the extent of buffoonery. Macklin transformed it from "the grimacings of low comedy to the solemn sweep of tragedy," and made Shylock a vengeful, inexorable moneymaker. Shakespeare was ahead of his time in seeing that the bitterness and spite of Shylock resulted in part from his cruel and inhuman treatment at the hands of a Christian society. The literary scholar Harold Bloom writes in his book, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, "One would have to be blind deaf and dumb not to recognize that Shakespeare's grand, equivocal comedy The Merchant of Venice is nevertheless a profoundly anti-Semitic work." When confronted with this statement by journalist Lawrence Grobel in a recent interview (Premiere Magazine), Al Pacino had this to say: "I know it has anti-Semitism in it, but I was hoping that the movie version would change that, since you would be able to understand more visually and in movie storytelling where Shylock was coming from." Grobel goes on to state: "Bloom believes that Shylock is a villain." Pacino: "I don't see Shylock as comic or villain. My interpretation of Shylock is someone who has been abused, victimized, and through his rage gets hoisted by his own petard. To me, it looks like Shylock is a profoundly depressed man who lost his wife and is living under the oppression of the Christians in Venice. His daughter leaves him to marry a Christian. This allows him the feeling that it's within his right to get revenge. He's not a happy man, but he has a lot of dignity and heart and courage. Probably one of the greatest speeches ever: 'I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands? Organs? Dimensions? If you prick us, do we not bleed? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that.' It's the most anti-racist speech I've ever heard. Shakespeare could not help himself from being human; it was his genius." Pacino has not only clearly penetrated this character - but he may have just enlightened the whole context of racism in the play.
Pacino: "To me, it's a man against the system. And I like those parts. It's sort of in the tradition of Dog Day Afternoon (75) and Serpico (73). A man wronged. And then going too far. I don't see Shylock as controversial. The film directs itself toward an understanding of a character that's given great passion. My hope is that that's how the movie is percieved." When asked if he thought Shylock would take the pound of flesh if he had not been challenged, Pacino said: "I think he has driven himself into such pitch that even he doesn't know if he will or not. He's working himself up to it. But to have executed that, he would have been driven insane. It's a very somber affair. It's like what they said about Dog Day: It's this man's moment to have his say in court. The final insult is that they are so cavalier with the contract that he made just because he's a Jew; they assume that he will kowtow to their outrageous demands not to honor a contract. He's ganged up upon. It's his way of saying, 'Stop spitting at us!' It's almost like Michael Corleone letting his brother go. Part of his identity was tied up in that. Shylock is a man first, and a Jew second. Witness him as a human being first before you make an assessment about Semitism. Because every other Jew in the play is sympathetic; they go to support him in the court, so he doesn't feel he's alone - but they're against this act he is about to commit." If Pacino can actually portray on film what he feels so passionately about in words, he may be on his way to another Oscar nomination.
Director Michael Radford (Nineteen Eighty-Four, 84, Il Postino, 94) has apparently stayed very close to the play, and it has been sumptuously filmed by cinematographer Benoît Delhomme. This film will more than likely be a front-runner come Oscar time for Sammy Sheldon's costume design, Jon Bunker's art direction, Bruno Rubeo's Production design and of course Big Al himself (probably in the Supporting Actor category). Whether or not the film wins any Oscars, I for one am glad that someone else (other than Branagh and Luhrmann) has a chance to tell a Shakespeare tale on screen. I have a theory that after Al Pacino recieved little to no notice for his brilliant and under-stated work as real life CBS producer Lowell Bergman in Michael Mann's The Insider (99), he went back to giving those "loud" performances that people have come to expect from him. Still, a bad Pacino performance is still a hell of alot more interesting than most other actor's masterworks. I would love to think that this is Al Pacino's comeback movie - after several dissappointing film ventures (post-The Insider): Insomnia (02, over-rated), S1m0ne (02, just plain awful), People I Know (02, nearly never-seen by anybody), The Recruit (03, phoned-in the performance), Gigli (03, well I don't have to say anything at all about this one, do I?), and Angels in America (03, watching Pacino in this film is like watching a train wreck), but the truth is, his performance is already getting mixed reviews, ranging from "hammy" to just plain "over-the-top." Well, isn't that the point of the whole character? I mean, this is "comedy" after-all, remember. One of the huge obstacles of the play is: none of the characters are very likable. They range from pathetic to just plain despicable. It's sort of like voting for President - you're supposed to just go with the guy who's the lesser crook. Kinda like The Merchant of Venice - out of all the characters, I'll guarantee you which crook you'll remember the most - like it or not...
"The quality of mercy is not strain'd,
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven"
William Shakespeare, "The Merchant of Venice", Act 4 scene 1